File:ColdnessScale.svg is a vector version of this file. It should be used in place of this PNG file when not inferior. File:ColdnessScale.png → File:ColdnessScale.svg For more information, see Help:SVG. In other languages Alemannisch ∙ Bahasa Indonesia ∙ Bahasa Melayu ∙ British English ∙ català ∙ čeština ∙ dansk ∙ Deutsch ∙ eesti ∙ English ∙ español ∙ Esperanto ∙ euskara ∙ français ∙ Frysk ∙ galego ∙ hrvatski ∙ Ido ∙ italiano ∙ lietuvių ∙ magyar ∙ Nederlands ∙ norsk bokmål ∙ norsk nynorsk ∙ occitan ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ polski ∙ português ∙ português do Brasil ∙ română ∙ Scots ∙ sicilianu ∙ slovenčina ∙ slovenščina ∙ suomi ∙ svenska ∙ Tiếng Việt ∙ Türkçe ∙ vèneto ∙ Ελληνικά ∙ беларуская (тарашкевіца) ∙ български ∙ македонски ∙ нохчийн ∙ русский ∙ српски / srpski ∙ татарча/tatarça ∙ українська ∙ ქართული ∙ հայերեն ∙ বাংলা ∙ தமிழ் ∙ മലയാളം ∙ ไทย ∙ 한국어 ∙ 日本語 ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ עברית ∙ العربية ∙ فارسی ∙ +/−

 

The radial lines denote key temperatures, clockwise from bottom including He evaporation (dotted cyan) around 4K ↔ 3265GB/nJ (just CCW from the 4732.51GB/nJ of the 2.76K cosmic background) and N₂ evaporation (dashed cyan) around 77K ↔ 170GB/nJ, CO₂ sublimation around -78.5^oC ↔ 67.1GB/nJ (solid cyan), H₂O liquification around 0^oC ↔ 47.8GB/nJ and evaporation around 100^oC ↔ 35.0GB/nJ (dashed-green), "red-hot" (solid red) around 500^oC ↔ 16.9GB/nJ, rock melting around 1500^oC ↔ 7.37GB/nJ (solid magenta), graphite sublimation (dashed magenta) around 3642^oC ↔ 3.34GB/nJ, and the surface of the sun (dotted magenta) around 5778K ↔ 2.26GB/nJ ≈ 2.01 nat/eV. The dashed red lines represent the min-max European temperature range (from 0^oF ↔ 51.2GB/nJ to 100^oF ↔ 42.0GB/nJ) on which Fahrenheit based his scale, at top of which is also the human basal temperature at around 98.6^oF ↔ 42.1GB/nJ. Room temperature (3 o'clock) is defined as either 20^o = 68^oF ↔ 44.6GB/nJ ≈ 39.6 nat/eV = 1/kT or 22^oC = 71.6^oF ↔ 44.3GB/nJ ≈ 39.3 nat/eV = 1/kT, and therefore kT_room is about 1/40 of an electron Volt.

Inverted-population states for finite-energy systems are found on the left half of this plot. These include: (i) 1024 end-on dominoes acting like stonehenge in the earth's gravitational-field (grey-dotted) at -.001[J]/(k_Bln[1024]) ≈ -1.04×10¹⁹K ↔ -1.25×10^-15GB/nJ, (ii) a mole of excited Ne atoms in a He-Ne LASER ready for stimulated-emission (grey-dashed) at -1.96[eV]/(k_Bln[6×10²³]) ≈ -415K ↔ -31.5GB/nJ, and (iii) the orientation-temperature for 500,001 up out of 1,000,000 proton-spins in a 1 Tesla field (grey) at 1.41×10^-26J/(k_B(ψ[1+1000000-500001]-ψ[1+500001])) ≈ -1.41×10^-26J/(k_Bln[1000000/500001-1]) ≈ -255K ↔ -51.1GB/nJ where ψ[x] is the PolyGamma function. The dot-dashed grey lines are for 500,002 and 500,003 out of 1,000,000 protons oriented spin-up in that same 1[Tesla] field.

This plot illustrates that you can use either temperature T or reciprocal-temperature 1/kT to predict the direction of heat-flow. When you use temperature, remember that the highest possible temperature T is minus-zero-Kelvin and the lowest possible T is plus-zero-Kelvin. With coldness 1/kT, the lowest value is minus-infinity and the highest is plus-infinity so that heat energy naturally and simply flows from numerically low to numerically high 1/kT.

In the table of conversions above, note that the uncertainty-slope or coldness β≡1/kT in [GiB/nJ] or [GB/nJ] is nearly equal to the reciprocal of kT in [eV/nat]. Even more curiously, if we don't mind using binary-multiples i.e. gibiBytes instead of powers of ten, we can say that 1[nat/eV] = 1.04827[GiB/nJ] = 1.12557[GB/nJ]. Hence room temperature coldness is about 40[GiB/nJ] simply because kT at room temperature is about ¹/₄₀[eV].

1. ↑ Claude Garrod (1995) Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics (Oxford U. Press).
2. ↑ J. Meixner (1975) "Coldness and Temperature", Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 57:3, 281-290 abstract.
3. ↑ Ingo Mueller (1972) Entropy, Absolute Temperature and Coldness in Thermodynamics: Boundary conditions in porous materials (Springer-Verlag, Wein GMBH) preview
4. ↑ Ingo Müller (1971) "The coldness, a universal function in thermoelastic bodies", Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 41:5, 319-332 abstract.
5. ↑ Müller, I. (1971) "Die Kältefunktion, eine universelle Funktion in der Thermodynamik wärmeleitender Flüssigkeiten.", Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 40, 1–36.
6. ↑ Day, W.A. and Gurtin, Morton E. (1969) "On the symmetry of the conductivity tensor and other restrictions in the nonlinear theory of heat conduction", Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 33:1, 26-32 (Springer-Verlag) abstract.
7. ↑ J. Castle, W. Emmenish, R. Henkes, R. Miller, and J. Rayne (1965) Science by Degrees: Temperature from Zero to Zero (Westinghouse Search Book Series, Walker and Company, New York).
8. ↑ P. Fraundorf (2003) "Heat capacity in bits", Amer. J. Phys. 71:11, 1142-1151.

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

You are free:

• to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
• to remix – to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

• attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0CC BY-SA 3.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 truetrue