View source for Separative work units

'''Separative work''' – the amount of separation done by an enrichment process – is a function of the concentrations of the feedstock, the enriched output, and the depleted tailings; and is expressed in units which are so calculated as to be proportional to the total input (energy / machine operation time) and to the mass processed. Separative work is ''not'' energy.

The same amount of separative work will require different amounts of energy depending on the efficiency of the separation technology. Separative work is measured in ''Separative work units'' SWU, kg SW, or kg UTA (from the German ''Urantrennarbeit'' – literally ''uranium separation work'')
* 1 SWU = 1&nbsp;kg SW = 1&nbsp;kg UTA
* 1 kSWU = 1 tSW = 1 t UTA
* 1 MSWU = 1 ktSW = 1 kt UTA

== Definition ==
The work <math>W_\mathrm{SWU}</math> necessary to separate a mass <math>F</math> of feed of assay <math>x_{f}</math> into a mass <math>P</math> of product assay <math>x_{p}</math>, and tails of mass <math>T</math> and assay <math>x_{t}</math> is given by the expression

:<math>W_\mathrm{SWU} = P \cdot V\left(x_{p}\right)+T \cdot V(x_{t})-F \cdot V(x_{f})</math>

where <math>V\left(x\right)</math> is the [[value function]], defined as

:<math>V(x) = (1 - 2x)  \ln \left(\frac{1 - x}{x}\right)</math>
and satisfies
:<math>V''(x)=\frac{1}{(x(1-x))^2}.</math>

The feed to product ratio is given by the expression

:<math>\frac{F}{P} = \frac{x_{p} - x_{t}}{x_{f} - x_{t}}</math>

whereas the tails to product ratio is given by the expression

:<math>\frac{T}{P} = \frac{x_{p} - x_{f}}{x_{f} - x_{t}}</math>

== Example ==

For example, beginning with {{convert|102|kg}} of [[natural uranium]] (NU), it takes about 62 SWU to produce {{convert|10|kg}} of [[Enriched uranium|Low-enriched uranium]] (LEU) in <sup>235</sup>U content to 4.5%, at a tails assay of 0.3%.

The number of separative work units provided by an enrichment facility is directly related to the amount of energy that the facility consumes. Modern gaseous diffusion plants typically require 2,400 to 2,500 [[kilowatt-hour]]s (kW·h), or 8.6–9 [[gigajoule]]s, (GJ) of electricity per SWU while gas centrifuge plants require just 50 to 60&nbsp;kW·h (180–220 MJ) of electricity per SWU.

''Example:''

A large nuclear power station with a net electrical capacity of 1300 MW requires about 25 tonnes per year (25 [[Tonne|t]]/[[Julian year (astronomy)|a]]) of LEU with a <sup>235</sup>U concentration of 3.75%. This quantity is produced from about 210 t of NU using about 120 kSWU. An enrichment plant with a capacity of 1000 kSWU/a is, therefore, able to enrich the uranium needed to fuel about eight large nuclear power stations.

[[Category:Nuclear fuels]]