View source for Seiche

{{short description|A standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water}}
{{Other uses}}
A '''seiche''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ}} {{respell|SAYSH|'}}) is a [[standing wave]] in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water.  Seiches and seiche-related phenomena have been observed on lakes, [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]]s, swimming pools, bays, harbours and seas. The key requirement for formation of a seiche is that the body of water be at least partially bounded, allowing the formation of the standing wave.

The term was promoted by the Swiss [[hydrology|hydrologist]] [[François-Alphonse Forel]] in 1890, who was the first to make scientific observations of the effect in [[Lake Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=G. H. |last=Darwin |authorlink=George Howard Darwin |title=The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System |year=1898 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=21–31}}</ref> The word originates in a [[Swiss French]] dialect word that means "to sway back and forth", which had apparently long been used in the region to describe oscillations in alpine lakes.

Seiches in harbours can be caused by ''long period'' or ''[[infragravity waves]]'', which are due to [[subharmonic]] [[nonlinear]] wave interaction with the [[wind wave]]s, having periods longer than the accompanying wind-generated waves.<ref name=Munk>{{cite conference 
| url = https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/904
| title = Origin and generation of waves
| last1 = Munk
| first1 = Walter H.
| author-link1 = Walter Munk
| date = 1950
| publisher = Council on Wave Research, [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
| conference = 1st International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Long Beach, California
| doi=10.9753/icce.v1.1|issn=2156-1028|id = 
}}</ref>
[[File:Standing wave 2.gif|293px|thumb|right|A standing wave (black) depicted as a sum of two propagating waves traveling in opposite directions (blue and red).]]

==Causes and nature==
Seiches are often imperceptible to the naked eye, and observers in boats on the surface may not notice that a seiche is occurring due to the extremely long wavelengths.

The effect is caused by resonances in a body of water that has been disturbed by one or more factors, most often meteorological effects (wind and atmospheric pressure variations), seismic activity, or [[tsunami]]s.<ref>Tsunamis are normally associated with earthquakes, but landslides, volcanic eruptions and meteorite impacts all have the potential to generate a tsunami.</ref> [[Gravity]] always seeks to restore the horizontal surface of a body of liquid water, as this represents the configuration in which the water is in [[hydrostatic equilibrium]].

Vertical harmonic motion results, producing an impulse that travels the length of the basin at a velocity that depends on the depth of the water. The impulse is reflected back from the end of the basin, generating interference. Repeated reflections produce standing waves with one or more nodes, or points, that experience no vertical motion. The frequency of the oscillation is determined by the size of the basin, its depth and contours, and the water temperature.

The longest natural [[period (physics)|period]] of a seiche is the period associated with the fundamental resonance for the body of water—corresponding to the longest standing wave.  For a surface seiche in an enclosed rectangular body of water this can be estimated using Merian's formula:<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Methuen |location=London |title=Dynamical oceanography |last=Proudman |first=J. |author-link=Joseph Proudman |year=1953 |oclc=223124129 |pages=§117 (p. 225) |nopp=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=J. R. |last=Merian |title=Ueber die Bewegung tropfbarer Flüssigkeiten in Gefässen |language=German |trans-title=On the motion of drippable liquids in containers |type=thesis |publisher=Schweighauser |location=Basel |year=1828 |oclc=46229431 }}</ref>

: <math>T = \frac{2L}{\sqrt{g h}}</math>

where ''T'' is the longest natural period, ''L'' is the length, ''h'' the average depth of the body of water, and ''g'' the [[Earth's gravity|acceleration of gravity]].<ref>As an example, the period for a seiche wave in a body of water 10 meters deep and 5 kilometers long would be 1000 seconds or about 17 minutes, while a body about 300 km long (such as the [[Gulf of Finland]]) and somewhat deeper has a period closer to 12 hours.</ref>

Higher order harmonics are also observed. The period of the second harmonic will be half the natural period, the period of the third harmonic will be a third of the natural period, and so forth.

==Occurrence==
Seiches have been observed on both lakes and seas. The key requirement is that the body of water be partially constrained to allow formation of standing waves. Regularity of geometry is not required; even harbours with exceedingly irregular shapes are routinely observed to oscillate with very stable frequencies.

===Lake seiches===
Low rhythmic seiches are almost always present on larger lakes. They are usually unnoticeable among the common wave patterns, except during periods of unusual calm. [[Harbour]]s, [[Headlands and bays|bays]], and [[estuaries]] are often prone to small seiches with amplitudes of a few centimetres and periods of a few minutes.

Among other lakes well known for their regular seiches is New Zealand's [[Lake Wakatipu]], which varies its surface height at [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] by 20 centimetres in a 27-minute cycle. Seiches can also form in semi-enclosed seas; the [[North Sea]] often experiences a lengthwise seiche with a period of about 36 hours.
[[Image:Lake Erie water level.gif|thumb|right|450px|Differences in water level caused by a seiche on [[Lake Erie]], recorded between [[Buffalo, New York]] (''red'') and [[Toledo, Ohio]] (''blue'') on November 14, 2003]]

The [[National Weather Service]] issues low water advisories for portions of the Great Lakes when seiches of 2 feet or greater are likely to occur.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pierce|first1=T.|title=MARINE AND COASTAL SERVICES ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS|url=http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01003001curr.pdf|publisher=[[National Weather Service]], Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services|accessdate=April 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023653/http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01003001curr.pdf|archivedate=May 17, 2008|format=pdf|date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> [[Lake Erie]] is particularly prone to wind-caused seiches because of its shallowness and its elongation on a northeast-southwest axis, which frequently matches the direction of prevailing winds and therefore maximises the [[Fetch (geography)|fetch]] of those winds. These can lead to extreme seiches of up to {{convert|5|m|ft}} between the ends of the lake.

The effect is similar to a [[storm surge]] like that caused by hurricanes along ocean coasts, but the seiche effect can cause oscillation back and forth across the lake for some time. In 1954, the remnants of [[Hurricane Hazel]] piled up water along the northwestern [[Lake Ontario]] shoreline near [[Toronto]], causing extensive flooding, and established a seiche that subsequently caused flooding along the south shore.

Lake seiches can occur very quickly: on July 13, 1995, a large seiche on [[Lake Superior]] caused the water level to fall and then rise again by three feet (one metre) within fifteen minutes, leaving some boats hanging from the docks on their mooring lines when the water retreated.<ref>Ben Korgen. [http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/newsletter/2000/02/bonanza_for_lake_superior_seiches_do_more_than_move_water.html Bonanza for Lake Superior: Seiches Do More Than Move Water.] Retrieved on 2008-01-31</ref>  The same storm system that caused the 1995 seiche on Lake Superior produced a similar effect in [[Lake Huron]], in which the water level at [[Port Huron]] changed by {{convert|6|ft|m|1}} over two hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/13July1995/13July1995Storm.html|title=Lake Huron Storm Surge July 13, 1995|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2009-03-13}}</ref> On [[Lake Michigan]], eight fishermen were swept away from piers at Montrose and North Avenue Beaches and drowned when a {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on}} seiche hit the [[Chicago]] waterfront on June 26, 1954.<ref>Illinois State Geological Survey. [http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/sections/engin-coast/lakemich-coastal-seiches.shtml Seiches: Sudden, Large Waves a Lake Michigan Danger.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708201520/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/sections/engin-coast/lakemich-coastal-seiches.shtml |date=2008-07-08 }} Retrieved on 2008-01-31.</ref>

Lakes in seismically active areas, such as [[Lake Tahoe]] in [[California]]/[[Nevada]], are significantly at risk from seiches. Geological evidence indicates that the shores of Lake Tahoe may have been hit by seiches and tsunamis as much as {{convert|10|m|ft}} high in prehistoric times, and local researchers have called for the risk to be factored into emergency plans for the region.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Kathryn|title=Tsunami! At Lake Tahoe?|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tsunami-lake-tahoe|website=Science News|publisher=Society for Science and the Public|date=6 December 2002|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Earthquake]]-generated seiches can be observed thousands of miles away from the epicentre of a quake. [[Swimming pools]] are especially prone to seiches caused by earthquakes, as the ground tremors often match the resonant frequencies of small bodies of water. The 1994 [[Northridge earthquake]] in [[California]] caused swimming pools to overflow across southern California.  The massive [[Good Friday earthquake]] that hit [[Alaska]] in 1964 caused seiches in swimming pools as far away as [[Puerto Rico]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/seiche.html|title=Seiche|website=www.soest.hawaii.edu}}</ref>. The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|earthquake that hit Lisbon, Portugal]] in 1755 caused seiches 2,000 miles (3,000&nbsp;km) away in Loch Lomond, Loch Long, Loch Katrine and Loch Ness in [[Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Seismic Seiches|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/seiche.php|website=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=Abridged from Earthquake Information Bulletin, January–February 1976, Volume 8, Number 1.|accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref> and in [[canal]]s in [[Sweden]]. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] caused seiches in standing water bodies in many Indian states  as well as in [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and northern [[Thailand]].<ref>In fact, "one person drowned in a pond as a result of a seiche in Nadia, West Bengal". {{cite web|title=26 December 2004, M9.1 "Boxing Day" Earthquake & Tsunami/Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake/Indian Ocean Tsunami|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20041226-sumatra.htm|website=Amateur Seismic Centre|accessdate=19 April 2017|location=Pune|date=22 Feb 2008}}</ref> Seiches were again observed in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]] in [[India]] as well as in many locations in [[Bangladesh]] during the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20051008-kashkoh.htm|title=M7.6 Kashmir-Kohistan Earthquake, 2005|website=Amateur Seismic Centre|location=Pune|date=31 Oct 2008|accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref>

The [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake]] is known to have generated seiches as far away as [[Norway]] and southern [[England]]. Other earthquakes in the Indian sub-continent known to have generated seiches include the 1803 Kumaon-Barahat, [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|1819 Allah Bund]], 1842 Central Bengal, 1905 Kangra, 1930 Dhubri, 1934 Nepal-Bihar, 2001 Bhuj, 2005 Nias, 2005 Teresa Island earthquakes. The [[2010 Chile earthquake|February 27, 2010 Chile earthquake]] produced a seiche on [[Lake Pontchartrain]], [[Louisiana]] with a height of around 0.5 feet. The [[2010 Sierra El Mayor earthquake]] produced large seiches that quickly became an internet phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arizonageology.blogspot.com/2010/04/video-of-mini-tsunami-in-devils-hole.html|title= Arizona Geology: Video of seiche in Devils Hole pupfish pond. (Posted: April 27, 2010)|publisher=|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref>

Seiches up to at least 1.8 m (6&nbsp;feet) were observed in [[Sognefjorden]], [[Norway]] during the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake]] in Japan.<ref>[http://www.sognavis.no/lokale_nyhende/article5528066.ece Fjorden svinga av skjelvet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318023743/http://www.sognavis.no/lokale_nyhende/article5528066.ece |date=2011-03-18 }} Retrieved on 2011-03-17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/06/japanese-earthquake-literally-made-waves-in-norway/|title=Japanese earthquake literally made waves in Norway|first=Scott K.|last=Johnson|date=30 June 2013|website=Ars Technica}}</ref>

===Sea and bay seiches===
Seiches have been observed in seas such as the [[Adriatic Sea]] and the [[Baltic Sea]]. This results in the flooding of [[Venice]] and [[St. Petersburg]], respectively, as both cities are constructed on former marshland. In St. Petersburg, seiche-induced flooding is common along the [[Neva River]] in the autumn. The seiche is driven by a low pressure region in the [[North Atlantic]] moving onshore, giving rise to [[cyclone|cyclonic]] lows on the [[Baltic Sea]]. The low pressure of the cyclone draws greater-than-normal quantities of water into the virtually land-locked Baltic. As the cyclone continues inland, long, low-frequency seiche waves with wavelengths up to several hundred kilometres are established in the Baltic. When the waves reach the narrow and shallow Neva Bay, they become much higher — ultimately flooding the Neva embankments.<ref>This behaves in a fashion similar to a [[tidal bore]] where incoming tides are funneled into a shallow, narrowing river via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape increases the height of the tide above normal, and the flood appears as a relatively rapid increase in the water level.</ref> Similar phenomena are observed at Venice, resulting in the [[MOSE Project]], a system of 79 mobile barriers designed to protect the three entrances to the [[Venetian Lagoon]].

[[Nagasaki Bay]] is a typical area in Japan where seiches have been observed from time to time, most often in the spring — especially in March.  On 31 March 1979, the [[Nagasaki]] tide station recorded a maximum water-level displacement of {{convert|2.78|m|ft}}, at that location due to the seiche. The maximum water-level displacement in the whole bay during this seiche event is assumed to have reached {{convert|4.70|m|ft}}, at the bottom of the bay.  Seiches in Western [[Kyushu]] — including Nagasaki Bay — are often induced by a low in the atmospheric pressure passing South of Kyushu island.<ref>{{cite journal
  | doi = 10.1007/BF02110288
  | last = Hibiya
  | first = Toshiyuki
  |author2=Kinjiro Kajiura
   | title = Origin of the ''Abiki'' Phenomenon (a kind of Seiche) in Nagasaki Bay
  | journal = Journal of Oceanographical Society of Japan
  | volume = 38
  | pages = 172–182
  | year = 1982
  | url = http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/JO/JOSJ/pdf/3803/38030172.pdf
  | format = PDF
  | accessdate = 2009-02-26
  | issue = 3 }}
</ref>  Seiches in Nagasaki Bay have a [[period (physics)|period]] of about 30 to 40 minutes.  Locally, {{Nihongo|seiche|副振動|fukushindō}} is called {{Nihongo|abiki|あびき}}.  The word of ''abiki'' is considered to have been derived from {{Nihongo|網引き|amibiki}}, which literally means: the dragging-away ({{Nihongo|引き|''biki''}}) of a fishing net ({{Nihongo|網|ami}}).  Seiches not only cause damage to the local fishery but also may result in flooding of the coast around the bay, as well as in the destruction of [[port]] facilities.

On occasion, [[tsunami]]s can produce seiches as a result of local geographic peculiarities. For instance, the tsunami that hit [[Hawaii]] in 1946 had a fifteen-minute interval between wave fronts. The natural resonant period of [[Hilo|Hilo Bay]] is about thirty minutes. That meant that every second wave was in phase with the motion of Hilo Bay, creating a seiche in the bay. As a result, Hilo suffered worse damage than any other place in Hawaii, with the combined tsunami and seiche reaching a height of 26 feet along the Hilo Bayfront, killing 96 people in the city alone. Seiche waves may continue for several days after a tsunami.

Tide-generated internal solitary waves ([[soliton]]s) can excite coastal seiches at the following locations: [[Magueyes Island]] in Puerto Rico,<ref>
{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1029/GL009i012p01305
| last = Giese
| first = Graham S.
|author2=R. B. Hollander |author3=J. E. Fancher |author4=B. S. Giese
 | title = Evidence of coastal Seiche excitation by tide-generated internal solitary waves.
| journal = Geophysical Research Letters
| volume = 9
| pages = 1305–1308
| year = 1982
| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL009i012p01305
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| accessdate = 2014-04-16|bibcode = 1982GeoRL...9.1305G }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<1449:COLACS>2.0.CO;2
| last = Giese
| first = Graham S.
|author2=David C. Chapman |author3=Peter G. Black |author4=John A. Fornshell
 | title = Causation of Large-Amplitude Coastal Seiches on the Caribbean Coast of Puerto Rico
| journal = J. Phys. Oceanogr.
| volume = 20
| pages = 1449–1458
| date = 1990
| url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0485%281990%29020%3C1449%3ACOLACS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| accessdate = 2014-04-16| bibcode = 1990JPO....20.1449G}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |last=Alfonso-Sosa |first=Edwin |title=Estimated Speed of Aves Ridge Solitons Packets by Analysis of Sequential Images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) |pages=1–11 |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4950973/Estimated_Speed_of_Aves_Ridge_Solitons_Packets_by_Analysis_of_Sequential_Images_from_the_Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer_MODIS_ |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2014-04-16}}
</ref>
[[Puerto Princesa]] in Palawan Island,<ref>
{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2418:TCBHSA>2.0.CO;2
| last = Giese
| first = Graham S.
|author2=David C. Chapman |author3=Margaret Goud Collins |author4=Rolu Encarnacion |author5=Gil Jacinto
 | title = The Coupling between Harbor Seiches at Palawan Island and Sulu Sea Internal Solitons
| journal = J. Phys. Oceanogr.
| volume = 28
| pages = 2418–2426
| date = 1998
| url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0485%281998%29028%3C2418%3ATCBHSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| accessdate = 2014-04-16|bibcode=1998JPO....28.2418G}}
</ref>
[[Trincomalee Bay]] in Sri Lanka,<ref>
{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1029/2009JC005673
| last = Wijeratne
| first = E. M. S.
|author2=P. L. Woodworth |author3=D. T. Pugh
 | title = Meteorological and internal wave forcing of seiches along the Sri Lanka coast
| journal = Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
| volume = 115
| pages = 1–13
| date = 2010
| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005673
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| accessdate = 2014-04-16|bibcode = 2010JGRC..115.3014W }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |last=Alfonso-Sosa |first=Edwin |title=Tide-Generated Internal Solitons in Bay of Bengal Excite Coastal Seiches in Trincomalee Bay |pages=1–16 |date=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6707154/Tide-Generated_Internal_Solitons_in_Bay_of_Bengal_Excite_Coastal_Seiches_in_Trincomalee_Bay |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate=2014-04-16}}
</ref>
and in the [[Bay of Fundy]] in eastern Canada, where seiches cause some of the highest recorded tidal fluctuations in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/nb/fundy/visit/marees-tides.aspx|title=index|first=Parks Canada Agency, Government of|last=Canada|date=|website=www.pc.gc.ca|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref>
A dynamical mechanism exists for the generation of coastal seiches by deep-sea internal waves. These waves can generate a sufficient current at the shelf break to excite coastal seiches.<ref>
{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<1459:AMFTGO>2.0.CO;2
| last = Chapman
| first = David C.
|author2=Graham S. Giese
 | title = A Model for the Generation of Coastal Seiches by Deep-Sea Internal Waves
| journal = J. Phys. Oceanogr.
| volume = 20
| pages = 1459–1467
| date = 1990
| url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0485%281990%29020%3C1459%3AAMFTGO%3E2.0.CO%3B2
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| accessdate = 2014-04-16| bibcode = 1990JPO....20.1459C
}}
</ref>
[[File:Illustration of the phenomenon of seiches.png|thumb|350px|Illustration of the initiation of surface and subsurface thermocline seiches.]]

===Underwater (internal) waves===
Seiches are also observed beneath the lake surface acting along the [[thermocline]]<ref>The [[thermocline]] is the boundary between colder lower layer ([[hypolimnion]]) and warmer upper layer ([[epilimnion]]).</ref> in constrained bodies of water.

In analogy with the Merian formula, the expected period of the internal wave can be expressed as:<ref>Mortimer, C. H. (1974). Lake hydrodynamics. Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20, 124–197.</ref>

: <math>T = \frac{2L}{c}</math>       with       <math>c^2 = g \frac{\rho_2-\rho_1}{\rho_2} \frac{h_1 h_2}{h_1+h_2}</math>

where ''T'' is the natural [[Frequencies|period]], ''L'' is the length of the water body, <math>h_1, h_2</math> the average thicknesses of the two layers separated by [[stratification (water)|stratification]] (e.g. [[epilimnion]] and [[hypolimnion]]), <math>\rho_1, \rho_2</math> the [[densities]] of these two same layers and ''g'' the [[Earth's gravity|acceleration of gravity]].

==Engineering for seiche protection==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{see also|Coastal engineering}}
Engineers consider seiche phenomena in the design of flood protection works (e.g., [[Saint Petersburg Dam]]), [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]]s  and dams (e.g., [[Grand Coulee Dam]]), potable water storage basins, harbours and even spent nuclear fuel storage basins.

==See also==
*[[Clapotis]]
*[[Earthquake engineering]]
*[[Severe weather terminology (United States)]]
*[[Severe weather terminology (Canada)]]
*[[Tsunamis in lakes]]
*[[Vajont Dam]]
*[[Villa Epecuén]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2307/1797612
| volume = 3
| pages = 271–275
| last = Jackson
| first = J. R.
| title = On the Seiches of Lakes
| journal = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
| year = 1833
}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Seiche |volume=24 |short=x}}
'''General'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040125065554/http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/Communications/LakeLevels/seiche.htm What is a ''seiche''?]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=68339  Seiche. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 24, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19970514200816/http://www.coastal.udel.edu/faculty/rad/seiche.html Seiche calculator]
*[http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/newsletter/2000/02/bonanza_for_lake_superior_seiches_do_more_than_move_water.html Bonanza for Lake Superior: Seiches Do More Than Move Water]
*[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/SeicheHome.html Great Lakes Storms Photo Gallery Seiches, Storm Surges, and Edge Waves from [[NOAA]]]
*[http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/44603-shelf-response-for-two-kdv-solitons  Shelf Response for an identical pair of incident KdV solitons]
'''Relationship to aquatic "monsters"'''
*[http://www.unmuseum.org/mwave.htm The Unmuseum]
*[http://www.csicop.org/si/show/legend_of_the_lake_champlain_monster/ "The Legend of the Lake Champlain Monster"] in ''[[The Skeptical Inquirer]]''
*[http://geology.about.com/library/weekly/aa070101a.htm Geological page]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{physical oceanography}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Limnology]]
[[Category:Flood]]
[[Category:Water waves]]
[[Category:Water]]